Human Parvovirus B19

Parvovirus B19 is a highly contagious respiratory virus that infects people of all ages. It is best known for causing a childhood illness called fifth disease or erythema infectiosum. The viral infection usually causes mild symptoms, but it can be more serious for certain groups. 

At Banner Health, our experts are here to support you with the best care and advice. Learn more about parvovirus B19, including ways to prevent it.

What is parvovirus B19?

Parvovirus B19, also known as B19 virus or erythrovirus B19, is a viral infection in the family Parvoviridae. This virus is the most well-known parvovirus. It is different from the parvovirus that affects dogs and cats. Human parvovirus B19 only infects people. 

This virus primarily affects red blood cells, which carry oxygen in the body. It stops the body from making new red blood cells for a short time. For most people, this isn’t a problem. But for those with certain health conditions, it can cause serious issues.

How does parvovirus B19 spread?

Parvovirus B19 primarily spreads through respiratory droplets. This means it can be caught by inhaling the virus when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The virus can spread by touching surfaces or objects that have the virus on them and then touching your face. It can also be passed from a pregnant person to their unborn children. 

Outbreaks of parvovirus B19 are common in schools and daycare centers due to close contact among children, especially in late winter and early spring. You are most contagious before symptoms show up.

Who is at risk?

Anyone can get parvovirus B19 but some groups are more likely to have complications:

• Pregnant people: If you are pregnant and get infected, it can lead to problems such as anemia in the unborn baby or, in rare cases, miscarriage.
• People with blood disorders: Conditions like sickle cell disease can worsen the infection.
• People with weak immune systems: Those undergoing cancer treatment or with diseases like HIV are more at risk for long-lasting infections. 

What are the symptoms of parvovirus B19?

The symptoms of parvovirus B19 can vary. Some people with the virus will have no symptoms, while others may experience clear signs of infection. Symptoms usually show up in three stages:

Early symptoms of parvovirus B19

These symptoms are similar to a mild cold or the flu:

• Fever
• Tiredness
• Headache
• Runny nose
• Sore throat

Rash (fifth disease)

The most noticeable symptom in children is a bright red rash on the cheeks, often called a “slapped cheek” rash. This rash can also spread to the arms, legs and chest and may look lacy. It typically appears a few days after the fever or flu-like symptoms. Adults don’t usually get this rash. People are usually no longer contagious when the rash occurs.   

Joint pain

Many adults, especially women, may experience pain and swelling in their hands, wrists, knees and ankles. These symptoms can feel like rheumatoid arthritis and may last a few weeks or longer. It usually goes away with no long-term problems.

See your health care provider or a Banner Health specialist if you are experiencing symptoms, especially if you are at higher risk.

Diagnosing parvovirus B19

Your health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms. In some cases, they may order blood tests to check for parvovirus antibodies. These antibodies can tell them whether you have or have had the infection. 

How to treat parvovirus B19

There is no specific treatment for parvovirus B19. Most people recover on their own and treatment focuses mainly on relieving symptoms:

• Rest: Getting plenty of rest helps your body fight off the infection.
• Hydration: Drink plenty of water to stay hydrated.
• Pain relief: Over-the-counter (OTC) medications such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help reduce fever and joint pain. However, always check with your provider before giving any medication to children. 
• Joint care: For adults, joint pain can be managed with gentle movement and stretching. 

In rare cases, you may need a blood transfusion if you develop severe anemia. 

Complications of parvovirus B19

In most cases, parvovirus B19 is mild and goes away on its own. However, some people may experience complications:

• Severe anemia: The virus can cause a severe drop in red blood cells, especially in people with blood disorders or weak immune systems. This can lead to a condition called aplastic crisis, which causes severe anemia. 
• Problems during pregnancy: If a pregnant person is infected, the virus can pass to their baby. In rare cases, this may cause the baby to develop severe anemia or fluid buildup, a condition called hydrops fetalis. In some cases, it can lead to miscarriage or stillbirth. 
• Rare complications: In very rare cases, the virus can affect the brain and nerves, leading to problems like meningitis or nerve pain. 

Talk to your health care provider if you are pregnant, have a blood disorder or have a weak immune system to prevent complications. 

How to prevent parvovirus B19

There is no vaccine or cure for parvovirus B19, but you can take steps to lower your risk:

• Wash your hands: Clean your hands often with soap and water.
• Cover your mouth and nose: Use a tissue or your elbow when coughing or sneezing.
• Avoid sick people: Stay away from others who are ill, especially if you’re pregnant or have a weak immune system. 
• Clean surfaces: Regularly clean surfaces, such as doorknobs, toys and light switches, to reduce the spread of germs. 

Personalized care - just for you

At Banner Health, we are dedicated to helping your family stay healthy. If you or a child has symptoms of parvovirus, our team of experts is here to quickly diagnose and offer advice on how to manage symptoms. Schedule an appointment today.